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Formulas Glossary Contents (pdf)

Chapters: A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

C h a p t e r A: Units, Measurements and Uncertainty (html, pdf)

A.1 Rules for Rounding Numbers Interactive

A.2 Rules for Counting Significant Figures Interactive

A.3 Significant Figures in Multiplication Interactive

A.4 Significant Figures in Division Interactive

A.5 Significant Figures in Addition Interactive

A.6 Significant Figures in Subtraction Interactive

A.7 Accuracy and Precision

A.8 Mean Interactive

A.9 Standard Deviation Interactive

A.10 Introduction to the Metric System Interactive

A.11 Metric Mass Conversions Interactive

A.12 Metric-British Mass Conversions Interactive

A.13 Metric Length Conversions Interactive

A.14 Metric-British Length Conversions Interactive

A.15 Metric Volume Conversions Interactive

A.16 Metric-British Volume Conversions Interactive

A.17 Volume of a Rectangular Solid Interactive

A.18 Volume of a Sphere Interactive

A.19 Volume of a Right Circular Cylinder Interactive

A.20 Volume of a Right Circular Cone Interactive

A.21 Density Interactive

A.22 Density of Regular-shape Objects Interactive

A.23 Specific Gravity Interactive

A.24 Temperature Conversions Interactive

A.25 Multiple Choice Practice Problems (with step-by-step solutions)

C h a p t e r 1: Atoms, Molecules and Ions (html, pdf)

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Basic Periodic Table

1.3 Concept of Atomic Number

1.4 Periodic Table (Atomic Numbers)

1.5 Concept of Isotope Interactive

1.6 Periodic Table (Isotopes)

1.7 Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids

1.8 Periodic Table (Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids)

1.9 Concepts of Group and Period

1.10 Periodic Table (Groups and Periods)

1.11 Concept of Family

1.12 Periodic Table (Families)

1.13 Properties of Elements in a Family

1.14 Periodic Table (Properties of Elements in a Family) Videos (Li, Na, K, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂)

1.15 Concept of Molecule (Part I)

1.16 Periodic Table (Molecules) Interactive

1.17 Concept of Ion (Part I) Interactive

1.18 Periodic Table (Ions) Interactive

1.19 Concept of Ion (Part II)

1.20 Binary Ionic Compounds between Main-group Metals and Nonmetals

1.21 Periodic Table (Binary Ionic Compounds between Main-group Metals and Nonmetals) Interactive

1.22 Binary Ionic Compounds between Transition Metals and Nonmetals

1.23 Periodic Table (Binary Ionic Compounds between Transition Metals and Nonmetals) Interactive

1.24 Introduction to Polyatomic Ions

1.25 Polyatomic Ions (-1 charge) Interactive

1.26 Polyatomic Ions (-2 charge) Interactive

1.27 Polyatomic Ions (-3 and +1 charges) Interactive

1.28 Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions (-1 charge)

1.29 Periodic Table (Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions (-1 charge)) Interactive

1.30 Ionic Compounds with Transition Elements and Polyatomic Ions (-1 charge)

1.31 Periodic Table (Ionic Compounds with Transition Elements and Polyatomic Ions (-1 charge) Interactive

1.32 Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions (-2 charges)

1.33 Periodic Table (Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions (-2 charge)) Interactive

1.34 Ionic Compounds with Transition Elements and Polyatomic Ions (-2 charge) Interactive

1.35 Periodic Table (Ionic Compounds with Transition Elements and Polyatomic Ions (-2 charge)) Interactive

1.36 Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions (-3 charge)

1.37 Periodic Table (Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions (-3 charge)) Interactive

1.38 Ionic Compounds with Transition Elements and Polyatomic Ions (-3 charge)

1.39 Periodic Table (Ionic Compounds with Transition Elements and Polyatomic Ions (-3 charge)) Interactive

1.40 Polyatomic Ions (+1 charge)

1.41 Periodic Table (Polyatomic Ion (+1 charge) with Polyatomic Ion (-1 charge)) Interactive

1.42 Periodic Table (Polyatomic Ion (+1 charge) with Polyatomic Ion (-2 charge)) Interactive

1.43 Periodic Table (Polyatomic Ion (+1 charge) with Polyatomic Ion (-3 charge)) Interactive

1.44 Introduction to Binary Molecular Compounds

1.45 Periodic Table (Binary Molecular Compounds Containing Hydrogen)

1.46 Introduction to Molecular Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions and Hydrogen

1.47 Periodic Table (Molecular Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions and Hydrogen)

1.48 Practice Problems (Main Group Elements)

1.49 Practice Problems (Transition Elements)

1.50 Concept of Molecule (Part II): Naming Binary Molecular Compounds

1.51 Chemical Formula and Name of Molecular Compounds

C h a p t e r 2: Introduction to Chemical Reactions (html, pdf)

2.1 Balancing Chemical Equations

2.1.1 Introduction

2.1.2 Phases in a Chemical Reaction

2.1.3 Balancing the Chemical Reaction: Al + Fe₂O₃ à Fe + Al₂O₃

2.1.4 Balancing the Chemical Reaction: CO₂ + H₂Oà C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂

2.1.5 Balancing the Equation of a Combustion Reaction

2.1.6 Balancing the Reaction Fe₂(SO₄)_3(aq) + NH_3(g) + H₂O_(l) à Fe(OH)_3(s) + (NH₄)₂SO_4(aq)

2.1.7 Balancing Chemical Reactions 1 Interactive

2.1.8 Balancing Chemical Reactions 2 Interactive

2.1.9 Balancing Equations (Practice Problems)

2.1.10 Balancing Chemical Equations in Word Problems

2.1.11 Balancing Chemical Equations, Word Problem Part 1 Video

2.1.12 Balancing Chemical Equations, Word Problem Part 2 Video

2.1.13 Balancing Chemical Equations, Word Problem Interactive, Video

2.1.14 Balancing Chemical Equations, Word Problems (Practice Problems)

2.2 Solubility Rules

2.2.1 Introduction

2.2.2 Solubility Rules for Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides

2.2.3 Dissociation of Chloride, Bromide and Iodide Compounds

2.2.4 Solubility Rules for Acetates, Chlorates, Perchlorates, Nitrates and Hydroxides

2.2.5 Dissociation of Acetate, Chlorate, Perchlorate, Nitrate and Hydroxide Compounds

2.2.6 Solubility Rules for Sulfides

2.2.7 Dissociation of Sulfide Compounds

2.2.8 Solubility Rules for Carbonates, Chromates and Sulfates

2.2.9 Dissociation of Carbonate, Chromate and Sulfate Compounds

2.2.10 Solubility Rules and Dissociation of Ammonium Compounds

2.2.11 Conclusions

2.2.12 Practice Problems

2.3 Ionic Equations and Precipitation Reactions

2.3.1 Writing Ionic Equations:

2.3.1.a Reaction of NaCl_(aq)with AgNO_3
(ag) Video

2.3.1.b Reaction of CoCl_{2 (aq)} with Na₂S_(aq) Video

2.3.1.c Reaction of NaCl_(aq)with Ca(NO₃)_2
(ag)

2.3.2 Ionic Reactions Interactive

2.3.2.a Reaction of Copper(II) Nitrate with NaOH Video

2.3.2.b Reaction of Cobalt(II) Chloride with KOH Video

2.3.3 Practice Problems

2.4 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes

2.4.1 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes: Videos (Electrolyte, Nonelectrolyte)

2.4.2 Strong and Weak Electrolytes: Videos (Strong, Weak Electrolytes)

2.5 Acids and Bases

2.5.1 Properties of Acids and Bases

2.5.2 Arrhenius Acids and Bases

2.5.3 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

2.5.4 Strong Acids and Weak Acids Videos (Water in Acid, Litmus Paper)

2.5.5 Strong Bases and Weak Bases Video

2.5.6 Summary

2.6 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

2.6.1 Introduction to Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

2.6.2 Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers Interactive

2.6.3 Assigning Oxidation Numbers

2.6.4 Assigning Oxidation Numbers Interactive

2.6.5 Balancing Half-reactions (Oxidation and Reduction)

2.6.6 Balancing Half-reactions (Acidic Conditions) Interactive

2.6.7 Balancing Half-reactions (Basic Conditions) Interactive

2.6.8 Balancing Half-reactions (Acidic Conditions) Interactive

2.6.9 Balancing Overall Redox Reaction Equations

2.6.10 Balancing Overall Redox Reaction Equation (Acidic) Interactive

2.6.11 Balancing Overall Redox Reaction Equation (Basic) Interactive

2.6.12 Practice Problems

C h a p t e r 3: Mass Relations in Formulas and Chemical Reactions (html, pdf)

3.1 The Atomic Mass

3.2 The Atomic Mass in the Periodic Table Interactive

3.3 Avogadro's Number and the Mole

3.4 Concept of Formula Mass or Molar Mass

3.5 Problems on Molar Mass Interactive

3.6 Conversions between the Number of Moles and the Mass

3.7 Visualization of the "Mole" Videos (Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, S, Si, Ti, CuSO₄, SiO₂)

3.8 Conversions between the Number of Moles and the Mass Interactive

3.9 Problems on Avogadro's Number

3.10 Problems on Avogadro's Number Interactive

3.11 Percent Composition

3.12 Problems on Percent Composition Interactive

3.13 Empirical Formula

3.14 Problems on Empirical Formula Interactive

3.15 More Problems on Empirical Formula

3.16 More Problems on Empirical Formula Interactive

3.17 Molecular Formula

3.18 Problems on Molecular Formula Interactive

3.19 Stoichiometry Videos (H₂+O₂, H₂+2O₂, 2H₂+O₂)

3.20 Problems on Stoichiometry Interactive

3.21 Practice Problems (Multiple Choice with step-by-step Solutions)

C h a p t e r 4: Amounts, Stoichiometry and Reactions In Aqueous Solutions (html, pdf)

4.1 Introduction to Molarity Video

4.2 Problems on Molarity Interactive

4.3 Molarity of Ionic Solutions

4.4 Problems on Molarity of Ionic Solutions Interactive

4.5 Diluting Solutions

4.6 Problems on Diluting Solutions Interactive

4.7 Theoretical Yield, Limiting Reactant and Percent Yield Videos (Reaction: Mg + HCl A, B, C and D))

4.8 Problems on Theoretical Yield, Limiting Reactant and Percent Yield Interactive

4.9 Volumetric Analysis Interactive Video

4.10 Gravimetric Analysis

4.11 Problems on Gravimetric Analysis Interactive

4.12 Practice Problems (Multiple Choice with step-by-step Solutions)

C h a p t e r 5: Gases (html, pdf)

5.1 Pressure Measurements in Gases

5.2 Problems on Pressure Measurements Interactive

5.3 Boyle's Law

5.4 Problems on Boyle's Law Interactive

5.5 Charles's Law Video

5.6 Problems on Charles's Law Interactive

5.7 Gay-Lussac's Law

5.8 Problems on Gay-Lussac's Law Interactive

5.9 Combined Gas Law

5.10 Problems on Combined Gas Law Interactive

5.11 The Ideal Gas Law

5.12 Problems on the Ideal Gas Law Interactive

5.13 Avogadro's Law

5.14 Problems on Avogadro's Law Interactive

5.15 Gas Density

5.16 Problems on the Gas Density Interactive

5.17 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Reactions

5.18 Problems on Stoichiometry of Gaseous Reactions Interactive

5.19 Partial Pressures in Gas Mixtures Video

5.20 Problems on Partial Pressures in Gas Mixtures Interactive

5.21 Mole Fractions

5.22 Problems on Mole Fractions Interactive

5.23 Kinetic Theory Postulates

5.24 Average Speed of Gas Particles

5.25 Problems on the Average Speed of Gas Particles Interactive

5.26 Graham's Law of Effusion of Gases

5.27 Problems on Graham's Law of Effusion of Gases Interactive

5.28 Real Gases

5.29 Problems on Real Gases Interactive

5.30 Practice Problems (Multiple Choice with step-by-step Solutions)

C h a p t e r 6: Thermochemistry (html, pdf)

6.1 Introduction to Thermochemistry Video (Endothermic, Exothermic Reactions)

6.2 Magnitude of Heat (q)

6.3 Problems on the Magnitude of Heat Interactive

6.4 Measuring Quantities of Heat: Calorimetry

6.5 Problems on Calorimetry Interactive

6.6 Heat Flow: Calorimetry

6.7 Problems on Heat flow: Calorimetry Interactive

6.8 Enthalpy

6.9 Thermochemistry Rules: Rule 1

6.10 Problems on Thermochemistry Rules: Rule 1 Interactive

6.11 Thermochemistry Rules: Rule 2

6.12 Problems on Thermochemistry Rules: Rule 2 Interactive

6.13 Thermochemistry Rules: Rule 3 (Hess’s Law)

6.14 Problems on Thermochemistry Rules: Rule 3 Interactive

6.15 Standard Enthalpies of Formation

6.16 Standard Enthalpies of Formation of Elements Interactive

6.17 Calculations of Standard Enthalpies of Reaction (Table of DH_f ⁰ for Compounds)

6.18 Problems on Standard Enthalpies of Reaction Interactive

6.19 Bond Enthalpies Video

6.20 Problems on Bond Enthalpy Calculations Interactive

6.21 First Law of Thermodynamics

6.22 Problems on the First Law of Thermodynamics Interactive

6.23 Work

6.24 Problems on Work Interactive

6.25 Practice Problems (Multiple Choice with step-by-step Solutions)

C h a p t e r 7: Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table (html, pdf)

7.1 Light Wavelength and Frequency

7.2 Problems on Light Wavelength and Frequency Interactive

7.3 Electromagnetic Spectrum and Planck's Equation

7.4 Problems on Electromagnetic Spectrum and Planck's Equation (Interactive)

7.5 Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom Videos (Light Emission from Na, K, CuO, SrO)

7.6 Problems on Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom Interactive

7.7 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

7.8 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom Animation

7.9 Quantum Numbers: First Quantum Number Animation

7.10 Second Quantum Number Animation

7.11 Third Quantum Number Animation

7.12 Fourth Quantum Number Animation

7.13 Pauli Exclusion Principle and Problems on Quantum Numbers Interactive

7.14 Practice Problems (Multiple Choice with step-by-step Solutions)

7.15 Atomic Electron Configuration: The Aufbau Principle

7.16 Atomic Electron Configuration Animations: Hund's Rule

7.17 Important Trends in Atomic Electron Configurations

7.18 Abbreviated Atomic Electron Configurations

7.19 Electron Configuration of Ions

7.20 Explanation of Spins in Atomic Electron Configuration

7.21 Atomic Electron Configuration Interactive

7.22 Periodic Trends in Some Key Atomic Properties: Atomic Size Animation, Interactive

7.23 Periodic Trends in Some Key Atomic Properties: Electron Affinity

7.24 Periodic Trends in Some Key Atomic Properties: Ionization Energy

7.25 Practice Problems (Multiple Choice with step-by-step Solutions)

C h a p t e r 8: Chemical Bonding (html, pdf)

8.1 Lewis Dot Symbols Animation

8.2 Chemical Bonds

8.3 Ionic Bonds Animations (NaCl)

8.4 Covalent Bonds Animations (H₂, O₂, N₂)

8.5 Electronegativity

8.6 Writing Lewis Structures

8.7 Writing Lewis Structures for Molecules with Multiple Bonds

8.8 Writing Lewis Structures Interactive

8.9 Writing Lewis Resonance Structures

8.10 Writing Lewis Resonance Structures Interactive

8.11 Formal Charges

8.12 Formal Charges Interactive

8.13 Exceptions to the Octet Rule

8.14 Practice Problems (Multiple Choice with step-by-step Solutions)

C h a p t e r 9: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals (html, pdf)

9.1 Molecular Geometry and the VSEPR Model

9.2 The VSEPR Model for Molecules with Two Charge Clouds Animations (BeCl₂, C₂H₂)

9.3 The VSEPR Model for Molecules with Three Charge Clouds Animations (BF₃, C₂H₄, SO₂)

9.4 The VSEPR Model for Molecules with Four Charge Clouds Animations (H₂O, CH₄, NH₃)

9.5 The VSEPR Model for Molecules with Five Charge Clouds Animations (PCl₅, SF₄, BrF₃, XeF₂)

9.6 The VSEPR Model for Molecules with Six Charge Clouds Animations (SF₆, ClF₅, XeF₄)

9.7 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals, sp Hybridization Animations (A, B)

9.8 sp² Hybridization Animations (A, B)

9.9 sp³ Hybridization Animations (A, B)

9.10 sp³d Hybridization Animations (A, B)

9.11 sp³d² Hybridization Animations (A, B)

9.12 Summary of Hybridization

9.13 Bond and Molecular Polarity

9.14 Molecular Orbital Theory Animation

9.15 MO Theory for Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules Animation Video

9.16 Sigma and Pi Bonds

9.17 Practice Problems (Multiple Choice with step-by-step Solutions)

C h a p t e r 10: Intermolecular Forces and Liquid Properties (html, pdf)

10.1 Introduction to Intermolecular Forces

10.2 London Dispersion Forces

10.3 Dipole - Dipole Forces

10.4 Hydrogen Bonds

10.5 Examples of Intermolecular Forces Interactive

10.6 Viscosity Videos (oil, water)

10.7 Surface Tension

10.8 Vapor Pressure

10.9 Problem on Vapor Pressure Interactive

10.10 Boiling Point Video

10.11 Critical Temperature and Critical Pressure

10.12 Liquid - Solid Equilibrium

10.13 Solid - Vapor Equilibrium

10.14 Phase Diagram of H₂O

10.15 Phase Diagram of CO₂

10.16 Practice Problems (Multiple Choice with step-by-step solutions)

C h a p t e r 1 1: Solids (html, pdf)

11.1 Structures and Types of Solids

11.2 Atomic Solids

11.3 Metallic Solids

11.4 Molecular Solids

11.5 Ionic Solids

11.6 Covalent Network Solids

11.6(a) Structures and Types of Solids

11.6(b) Graphite

11.6(c) Diamond

11.6(d) Silicon Compounds

C h a p t e r 1 2: Solution Properties (html, pdf)

12.1 Solutions

12.2 Molarity and Mole Fraction

12.3 Mass Percent and Volume Percent Interactive

12.4 Parts per Million Interactive

12.5 Molality Interactive

12.6 Solubility

12.6(a) Solute-Solvent Interactions

12.6(b) Effect of Temperature

12.6(c) Effect of Pressure

12.6(d) Henry's Law Interactive

12.7 Colligative Properties of Solutions

12.7(a) Vapor Pressure Lowering

12.7(b) Vapor Pressure Lowering Interactive

12.7(c) Osmotic Pressure

12.7(d) Osmotic Pressure Interactive

12.7(e) Boiling Point Elevation

12.7(f ) Freezing Point Depression

C h a p t e r 1 3: Chemical Kinetics (html, pdf)

13.1 Introduction to Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Rates

13.2 Problems on Reaction Rates Interactive

13.3 Instantaneous Rate

13.4 Problem on Instantaneous Rate Interactive

13.5 Reaction Rate and Concentration Video

13.6 Rate Law and Rate Constant

13.7 Rate Law Expression and Rate Constant Calculations Involving a Single Reactant

13.8 Problems on Rate Law Expression and Rate Constant Calculations Involving a Single Reactant Interactive

13.9 Rate Law Expression and Order of a Reaction Involving Two Reactants

13.10 Problem on Rate Law Expression and Order of a Reaction Involving Two Reactants Interactive

13.11 Rate Law Expression and Order of a Reaction Involving Three Reactants

13.12 Problem on Rate Law Expression and Order of a Reaction Involving Three Reactants Interactive

13.13 Integrated Rate Equations: First-order Reactions

13.14 Examples of First-order Reactions Interactive

13.15 More Examples of First-order Reactions Interactive

13.16 Integrated Rate Equations: Zero-order Reactions

13.17 Examples of Zero-order Reactions Interactive

13.18 Integrated Rate Equations: Second-order Reactions

13.19 Examples of Second-order Reactions Interactive

13.20 The Arrhenius Equation

13.21 The Activation Energy, E_a

13.22 Problems on the Activation Energy Interactive

13.23 Problems on the Arrhenius Equation Interactive

13.24 Catalysis Videos (Homogeneous Catalyst, Heterogeneous Catalyst with large, medium, small Particle Size)

13.25 Reaction Mechanisms

13.26 Problems on Reaction Mechanisms Interactive

13.27 Reaction Mechanism with a Fast Reversible Step Followed by a Slow Step

13.28 Problems on Reaction Mechanism with a Fast Reversible Step Followed by a Slow Step Interactive

13.29 Practice Problems (Multiple Choice with step-by-step Solutions)

13.30 Practice Problems (Multiple Choice with step-by-step Solutions)

C h a p t e r 1 4: Chemical Equilibrium (html, pdf)

14.1 Introduction to Chemical Equilibrium

14.2 Equilibrium and Equilibrium Constant

14.3 The Equilibrium Constant Expression Interactive

14.4 The Equilibrium Constant Expression "Changing the Chemical Equation"

14.5 The Equilibrium Constant Expression "Changing the Chemical Equation" Interactive

14.6 The Equilibrium Constant Expression "Adding Chemical Equations"

14.7 The Equilibrium Constant Expression "Adding Chemical Equations" Interactive

14.8 Chemical Equilibrium Calculations Interactive

14.9 More Chemical Equilibrium Calculations Interactive

14.10 The Relationship between K_p and K_c

14.11 The Relationship between K_p and K_c Interactive

14.12 The Reaction Quotient (Q)

14.13 The Reaction Quotient (Q) Interactive

14.14 Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations Interactive

14.15 Calculating Equilibrium Pressures Using the Quadratic Equation Interactive

14.16 Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations Interactive

14.17 Changes Affecting a Gaseous Equilibrium System

14.18 Adding or Removing a Reactant or a Product Video

14.19 Expanding or Compressing the Reaction System

14.20 Expanding or Compressing the Reaction System Interactive

14.21 Changing the Temperature Video

14.22 Summary of Le Châtelier's Principle

14.23 Practice Problems (Multiple Choice with step-by-step Solutions)

C h a p t e r 1 5: Acids and Bases (html, pdf)

15.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases Interactive

15.2 The Autoionization of Water Interactive

15.3 Amphoteric Substances Interactive

15.4 Calculations of Ion Concentrations Interactive

15.5 The pH Scale Interactive

15.6 Calculating the pH of Strong Monoprotic Acid Solutions Interactive

15.7 Weak Acid Solutions Interactive

15.8 Calculating the pH of Weak Monoprotic Acid Solutions

15.9 Calculating the pH of Weak Monoprotic Acid Solutions Interactive

15.10 Calculating the pH of Weak Monoprotic Acid Solutions Using the Quadratic Equation Interactive

15.11 Calculating the pH of Strong Base Solutions Interactive

15.12 Weak Base Solutions

15.13 Calculating the pH of Weak Base Solutions

15.14 Calculating the pH of Weak Base Solutions Interactive

15.15 Calculating the pH of Sulfuric Acid

15.16 Acid-Base Properties of Salts

15.17 Salts that Produce Neutral Solutions

15.18 Salts that Produce Basic Solutions

15.19 Problems on Salts that Produce Basic Solutions Interactive

15.20 Salts that Produce Acidic Solutions

15.21 Problems on Salts that Produce Acidic Solutions Interactive

15.22 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides

15.23 Practice Problems (Multiple Choice with step-by-step Solutions)

C h a p t e r 1 6: Acid-Base Equilibria (html, pdf)

16.1 The Common Ion Effect

16.2 Equilibrium Calculations for Acids with the Common Ion Effect

16.3 Example of Equilibrium Calculations for Acids with the Common Ion Effect Interactive

16.4 Equilibrium Calculations for Bases with the Common Ion Effect

16.5 Example of Equilibrium Calculations for Bases with the Common Ion Effect Interactive

16.6 Buffer Solutions

16.7 Examples of Buffer Solutions Interactive

16.8 The Working of a Buffer Solution

16.9 Example of the Working of a Buffer Solution Interactive

16.10 Preparing a Buffer Solution with a Specific pH

16.11 Example of Preparing a Buffer Solution with a Specific pH Interactive

16.12 Acid-Base Titrations and pH Curves

16.13 Strong Acid-Strong Base Titrations Videos

16.14 pH Curve for Strong Acid-Strong Base Titrations

16.15 Examples of Strong Acid-Strong Base Titrations Interactive

16.16 Weak Acid-Strong Base Titrations Videos

16.17 pH Curve for Weak Acid-Strong Base Titrations

16.18 Examples of Weak Acid-Strong Base Titrations Interactive

16.19 Strong Acid-Weak Base Titrations Videos

16.20 pH Curve for Strong Acid-Weak Base Titrations

16.21 Examples of Strong Acid-Weak Base Titrations Interactive

16.22 Acid-Base Indicators Videos

16.23 Practice Problems (Multiple Choice with step-by-step Solutions)

C h a p t e r 1 7: Solubility Equilibria (html, pdf)

17.1 Solubility Equilibria and the K_sp Table

17.2 Problems on Solubility Equilibria Interactive

17.3 Problems on Solubility Calculations from K_sp

17.4 Problems on Solubility Calculations from K_sp Interactive

17.5 Common Ion Effect in Solubility Problems

17.6 Problem on the Common Ion Effect on Solubility Interactive

17.7 The Effect of pH on Solubility Video

17.8 Predicting the Formation of a Precipitate Interactive

17.9 Practice Problems (Multiple Choice with step-by-step Solutions)

C h a p t e r 1 8: Spontaneity and Chemical Change (html, pdf)

18.1 Review of Thermodynamics

18.2 Spontaneity and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

18.3 Entropy and the Boltzmann Formula

18.4 Entropy Interactive

18.5 Standard Entropy Change for Chemical Reactions

18.6 Calculation of Standard Entropy Change in Chemical Reactions Interactive

18.7 Entropy Change for the Surroundings in Chemical Reactions

18.8 Calculation of Entropy Change for the Surroundings in Chemical Reactions Interactive

18.9 Total Entropy Change in Chemical Reactions and the Second Law

18.10 Calculation of Total Entropy Change in Chemical Reactions Interactive

18.11 Equilibrium and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

18.12 Gibbs Free Energy, Spontaneity and Equilibrium

18.13 Standard Reaction Free Energy

18.14 Calculation of Standard Reaction Free Energy Interactive

18.15 Reaction Free Energy, Reaction Quotient and the Equilibrium Constant

18.16 Calculation of Reaction Free Energy from Reaction Quotient Interactive

18.17 Calculation of Equilibrium Constant from Standard Reaction Free Energy Interactive

18.18 Effect of Temperature on Standard Reaction Free Energy and Equilibrium Constant

18.19 Effect of Temperature on Standard Reaction Free Energy and Equilibrium Constant Interactive

18.20 Practice Problems (Multiple Choice with step-by-step Solutions)

C h a p t e r 1 9: Electrochemistry (html, pdf)

19.1 Introduction to Electrochemistry

19.2 Voltaic Cell Animation

19.3 Voltaic Cell Animation, Interactive

19.4 Notation for Voltaic Cells

19.5 Notation for Voltaic Cells Interactive

19.6 Potential of a Voltaic Cell

19.7 Standard Cell Potentials

19.8 Calculating Standard Cell Potentials

19.9 Calculating Standard Cell Potentials Interactive

19.10 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

19.11 Standard Cell Potential and the Equilibrium Constant

19.12 Problems on Standard Cell Potential and the Equilibrium Constant

19.13 Problems on Standard Cell Potential and the Equilibrium Constant Interactive

19.14 The Nernst Equation

19.15 Problems on the Nernst Equation Interactive

19.16 Concentration Cells Animation

19.17 Electrolysis Animation, Video (Electroplating, Water)

19.18 Stoichiometry of Electrolytic Processes

19.19 Problems on Stoichiometry of Electrolytic Processes Interactive

19.20 Applications of Electrolysis

19.21 Practice Problems (Multiple Choice with step-by-step Solutions)

C h a p t e r 2 0: Nuclear Chemistry (html, pdf)

20.1 Nuclear Stability

20.2 Radioactivity

20.3 Modes of Radioactive Decay

20.4 Modes of Radioactive Decay Interactive

20.5 Bombarding Stable Nuclei with High Energy Particles

20.6 The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay

20.7 The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay Interactive

20.8 Dating by Radioactivity

20.9 Detection of Radioactivity

20.10 The Mass Defect

20.11 Mass-Energy Relations

20.12 Mass-Energy Relations Interactive

20.13 Nuclear Binding Energy

20.14 Nuclear Fission

20.15 Nuclear Fission Reactors

20.16 Nuclear Fusion

20.17 Practice Problems (Multiple Choice with step-by-step Solutions)

C h a p t e r 2 1: Organic Chemistry (html, pdf)

21.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry

21.2 Introduction to Hydrocarbons

21.3 Structural Isomers of Alkanes

21.4 Structural Isomers of Alkanes Interactive

21.5 Nomenclature of Alkanes

21.6 Nomenclature of Alkanes Interactive

21.7 Optical Isomers of Substituted Alkanes

21.8 Cycloalkanes

21.9 Alkenes and Alkynes Interactive

21.10 Geometric Isomers of Alkenes Interactive

21.11 Aromatic Hydrocarbons

21.12 Functional Groups in Organic Compounds…Alkyl Halides Interactive

21.13 Functional Groups in Organic Compounds....Alcohols Interactive

21.14 Functional Groups in Organic Compounds....Ethers Interactive

21.15 Functional Groups in Organic Compounds....Aldehydes and Ketones Interactive

21.16 Functional Groups in Organic Compounds....Carboxylic Acids Interactive

21.17 Functional Groups in Organic Compounds....Esters Interactive

21.18 Functional Groups in Organic Compounds....Amines Interactive

21.19 Summary of Functional Groups

21.20 Practice Problems (Multiple Choice with step-by-step Solutions)